Politics and the Political System of the Ancient Maya

Governmental issues and the Political System of the Ancient Maya The Mayan human progress thrived in the rainforests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, arriving at its zenith around A.D. 700â€900 before falling into a quick and to some degree strange decay. The Maya were master space experts and brokers: they were additionally educated with a confounded language and their own books. Like different civic establishments, the Maya had rulers and a decision class, and their political structure was unpredictable. Their rulers were ground-breaking and professed to be dropped from the divine beings and the planets. The Mayan City-States The Mayan human progress was huge, amazing, and socially unpredictable: it is frequently contrasted with the Incas of Peru and the Aztecs of Central Mexico. In contrast to these different domains, nonetheless, the Maya never brought together. Rather than a forceful domain managed from one city by one lot of rulers, the Maya rather had a progression of city-expresses that lone administered the encompassing territory, or some close by vassal states on the off chance that they were incredible enough. Tikal, one of the most remarkable Mayan city-states, never administered a lot farther than its prompt outskirts, despite the fact that it had vassal urban communities, for example, Dos Pilas and Copn. Every one of these city-states had its own ruler. Advancement of Mayan Politics and Kingship The Mayan culture started around 1800 B.C. in the marshes of the Yucatan and southern Mexico. For a considerable length of time, their way of life gradually progressed, yet starting at yet, they had no understanding of lords or illustrious families. It wasnt until the center to late preclassic periods (300 B.C. or somewhere in the vicinity) that proof of rulers started to show up at certain Mayan locales. The establishing ruler of Tikals first illustrious line, Yax Ehb Xook, lived at some point in the Preclassic time frame. By A.D. 300, rulers were normal, and the Maya started constructing stelae to respect them: huge, adapted stone sculptures that portray the lord, or Ahau, and his achievements. The Mayan Kings The Mayan lords asserted drop from the divine beings and planets, making a case for a semi divine status, somewhere close to people and divine beings. All things considered, they lived between two universes, and using â€Å"divine† power was a piece of their obligations. The lords and regal family had significant jobs at open functions, for example, the ball games. They diverted their association with the divine beings through penances (of their own blood, of hostages, and so forth.), move, profound dazes, and stimulating bowel purges. Progression was normally patrilineal, yet not generally. Infrequently, sovereigns managed when no reasonable male of the regal line was accessible or old enough. All rulers had numbers that put in them in request from the author of the administration. Sadly, this number isn't constantly recorded in the king’s glyphs on stone carvings, coming about on hazy chronicles of dynastic progression. Life of a Mayan King A Mayan ruler was prepared from birth to run the show. A sovereign needed to go through a wide range of commencements and ceremonies. As a youngster, he had his first phlebotomy at five years old or six. As a youngster, he was relied upon to face and lead conflicts and encounters against rival clans. Catching detainees, especially high-positioning ones, was significant. At the point when the ruler at long last became lord, the detailed function remembered sitting for a puma pelt in an intricate hat of beautiful quills and shells, holding a staff. As ruler, he was incomparable leader of the military and was required to battle and take an interest in any furnished clashes went into by his city-state. He likewise needed to take an interest in numerous strict ceremonies, as he was a conductor among people and the divine beings. Lords were permitted to take various spouses. Mayan Palaces Castles are found at all of the significant Mayan locales. These structures were situated in the core of the city, close to the pyramids and sanctuaries so imperative to Maya life. Now and again, the royal residences were exceptionally huge, multistoried structures, which may demonstrate that a convoluted organization was set up to govern the realm. The royal residences were homes to the lord and the illustrious family. A considerable lot of the king’s undertakings and obligations were done not in the sanctuaries yet in the royal residence itself. These occasions may have included banquets, festivities, discretionary events, and getting tribute from vassal states. Great Era Mayan Political Structure When the Maya arrived at their Classic Era, they had a very much evolved political framework. Eminent excavator Joyce Marcus accepts that by the Late Classic time, the Maya had a four-layered political progressive system. At the top were the ruler and his organization in significant urban areas like Tikal, Palenque, or Calakmul. These lords would be deified on stelae, their extraordinary deeds recorded until the end of time. Following the principle city were a little gathering of vassal city-states, with lesser honorability or a relative of the Ahau in control: these rulers didn't justify stelae. After that were associated towns, sufficiently enormous to have simple strict structures and controlled by minor honorability. The fourth level comprised of villages, which were all or for the most part private and committed to horticulture. Contact with Other City-States In spite of the fact that the Maya were never a brought together domain like the Incas or Aztecs, the city-states in any case had a lot of contact. This contact encouraged social trade, making the Maya substantially more bound together socially than strategically. Exchange was normal. The Maya exchanged notoriety things like obsidian, gold, quills, and jade. They likewise exchanged food things, especially in later periods as the significant urban communities became too huge to even think about supporting their populace. Fighting was likewise normal: clashes to take slaves and casualties for penance were normal, and full scale wars not inconceivable. Tikal was crushed by rival Calakmul in 562, causing a century-long break in its capacity before it arrived at its previous brilliance by and by. The amazing city of Teotihuacan, only north of present-day Mexico City, used incredible impact on the Mayan world and even supplanted the decision group of Tikal for one progressively inviting to their city. Governmental issues and the Decline of the Maya The Classic Era was the stature of the Mayan progress socially, strategically, and militarily. Between A.D. 700 and 900, be that as it may, the Maya human progress started a quick and irreversible decrease. The reasons the Mayan culture fell are as yet a riddle, however hypotheses proliferate. As the Maya human progress developed, fighting between city-states developed too: whole urban communities were assaulted, crushed, and wrecked. The decision class developed also, putting a strain on the average workers, which may have brought about common difficulty. Food turned into an issue for some Maya urban areas as the populace developed. At the point when exchange could no longer compensate for any shortfall, hungry residents may have revolted or fled. The Mayan rulers may have stayed away from a portion of these catastrophes. Source McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Republish version, W. W. Norton Company, July 17, 2006.

Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites: Literature Review

Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites: Literature Review Writing Survey- In light of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites. 1]Shilpa P.S et al They considered the impact of support of Boron Carbide with the Al2024. By receiving mix throwing procedure manufactured the example by shifting the wt% of Boron Carbide. The examples are created according to the ASTM. At long last they come to realize that as the support Boron Carbide expanded by wt% builds the Hardness, Tensile quality and Yield quality. The level of extension diminishes with the expansion of Boron Carbide in the arrangement. 2]F.Abdi et al-They explored the impact of 5 wt% of TiB2 as a support with the Al356.1 metal framework at different temperature i.e.750c, 850c, 950c utilizing mix throwing strategy. They found that at temperature 950c shows best outcome s for Tensile quality and Hardness and the TiB2 particles are homogenously circulated. 3]Sandeep Kumar Ravesh et al(C)- They examined the impact of the different weight division of SiC i.e.2.5%,5%,7.5% and 10% and 5% flyash is strengthened with Aluminum 6061 metal framework composite by utilizing the mix throwing technique. They saw that Tensile quality, Harness and Impact quality expanded with the expansion in weight portion of SiC molecule. A best elasticity 115 N/mm2, hardness 93RHN and strength esteem 7.8 for 10% SiC and 5% flyash strengthened composite material was acquired. 4]K.L.Meena et al(D)- They examined the mechanical properties of theâ grew SiC fortified with Al6063 metal grid composite material utilizing Melt blending strategy where the trial was completed by shifting the fortification molecule size, for example, 200 work, 300 work, 400 work with the distinctive weight rate i.e..5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of SiC molecule strengthened material. The mixing procedure was done at the speed of 200rpm utilizing the graphite impeller for a time of 15min. A homogenous scattering of SiC molecule in the aluminum grid was watched. The rigidity, hardness and yield quality were improved with the amplification of particulate size and weight level of SiC. Rate decrease zone and rate extension and effect quality reductions as the expansion in fortified molecule size and weight level of SiC molecule. Most extreme hardness (HRB) 83 and sway quality 37.01 Nm was accomplished. 5]H.G.Rana et al-They researched the mechanical properties and wear properties of Al7075 with the support of Boron Carbide. They presumed that utilizing the utilizing Friction Stir throwing the manufactured examples gives uniform blending and upgrades the elasticity and hardness. Consequently the microstructure are concentrated with the assistance of Image analyser. In view of Zirconia as Reinforcement. 6]Ram Narayan et al They researched the impact of flyash and zirconia with the mechanical properties of Aluminum 6061 amalgam composite examples created by utilizing the strategy Stir throwing. They built up the example by shifting the zirconia (5% and 10%) and kept the flyash 10% as a fixed rate by weight division. They saw that because of the nearness of flyash and zirconia Hardness and Tensile quality was expanded where the stretching diminished when contrasted with the unreinforced aluminum. The portrayal will be finished utilizing the examining the electron magnifying instrument machine and picture analyser. 7]S. Roseline et al They watched the mechanical properties of aluminum compound mmc with the support of melded Zirconia alumina. They built up the examples by shifting by the weight part by rate. They assessed the mechanical properties which demonstrates the varieties in the Hardness, Tensile quality and Impact quality. The ideal outcome for mechanical properties saw on the support as 90 and 10 by weight level of the framework individually. 8]Jithin Jose et al-They researched the impact of flyash and zircon (zirconium silicate) with the mechanical properties of Aluminum 7075 composite and the mix throwing strategy was embraced to build up the examples by shifting weight rate .They in the wake of leading the diverse test reasoned that keeping the zircon at a fixed weight rate and differing the flyash found that the wear rate diminishes where the elasticity and the hardness increments. 9]Adil Ahmed.S et al-They contemplated the joining of Zirconium Nano Particles in Al356.2.The mix throwing strategy was utilized for the improvement of composite example where the Al356.2 is warmed at around 750c and the Zirconium Nano particles are included .Mechanical properties are expanded for 15wt% of support molecule created at 750c shows homogenous fortification molecule and through utilizing the Scanning Electron Microscope the microstructure of the example shows homogenous fortification. 10]J.Jenix Rino et al-They explored the mechanical properties of Aluminum 6063 amalgam composite upgrade for example fortified by the expansion of alumina molecule and zircon sand with a general support in the Al6063 material framework. They watched the Hardness and Tensile quality of the composite having higher incentive at the composite created example, which having fortification blend of 4wt%ZrSiO4+4wt% Al2O3. 11]K.B. Girisha et al-They examined the impact of different weight division of zirconium oxide nanoparticle for example 0.5%,1%,1.5% and 2% fortified with Al356.1 metal grid composite by utilizing mix throwing procedure. Here they saw that molecule agglomeration in the composite is because of high measure of zirconium oxide nanoparticle. Hardness and wear properties are expanded as the expansion in weight portion of zirconium dioxide nanoparticle. 12]M.A.Baghchesara et al They examined the mechanical properties of created composite example utilizing the mix throwing technique where they thought about zircon and TiB2 fired particles with size 1 micron and the temperature 750c individually. The microstructure were concentrated by utilizing examining electron microscopy and henceforth the scattering of support as noted. Circumstance of mixes of the created example were inspected by XRD. The final products shows mechanical properties and microstructure conduct of composite was improved contrasted with the solid amalgam. Microstructures of the composites in as cast conditions shows uniform dissemination of the particles and uncovers the better twisting in the event of zircon strengthened composites contrasted with the TiB2 composites. Be that as it may, increment in the measure of fortification shows better conditions if there should be an occurrence of TiB2 strengthened composites. In view of Flyash with Aluminum- 13] H.C. Anilkumar et al-They researched the mechanical properties of Al 6061 fortified by flyash. They created the composite examples utilizing the mix throwing strategy. They created three arrangements of composites with molecule size of flyash of 4-25,45-50 and 75-100â µm was utilized. The three arrangement of composites are created by differing weight portion of 10%, 15% and 20%. The mechanical properties resemble Tensile quality, Compressive quality, hardness and Ductility are contemplated. They found that expansion of molecule size of flyash diminishes rigidity, compressive quality and hardness of the created examples. They additionally find that by increment of weight portion of flyash increments compressive quality extreme rigidity, hardness however diminishes with increment of flyash molecule size. 14]Muruganandhan.P et al-They examined the impact of flyash fortified with Al6061.By differing the wt% of flyash utilizing the mix throwing strategy the examples was created. The found that expansion of flyash increment the mechanical properties upto 20% of fly debris in the metal framework yet the consumption obstruction diminishes with increment of flyash expansion. 15] M.Sankar-They explored the Silicon carbide and Flyash fortified with the Aluminum 6061 alloy.They built up the examples utilizing the mix giving method.They found that a role as the fortification substance expanded in the grid material, the composites hardness additionally expanded. Rigidity diminished with expanded measure of reinforcement.â The wear pace of the composites decreased with expanded weight rates of the fortifications. Who was Responsible for the Cold War? Who was Responsible for the Cold War? When taking a gander at the issue of who was answerable for the virus war, we need to take a gander at what the connection between the United States and USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) resembled before the beginning of World War Two. Before the finish of the nineteenth century Marxism in Western Europe was turning out to be increasingly national. The majestic ramifications of both Marxist idea and Russian history give the expansive foundation and setting for understanding soviet association in chilly war. The soviet worldwide had been molded by a history that was drastically not quite the same as that of the westâ [1]â . For instance the Bolshevik upheaval, the common war, and the experience of World War two all added to a one of a kind soviet point of view. Moreover after the unrest of 1917, soviet Russia accepted the accountability of spreading the Marxist message. Stalin considered himself to be the manager of the Marxist confidence, it would free mankindâ [2]â . Fu rthermore students of history, for example, Zubok and Constantine propose that history gave the Russians the motivation to consider themselves to be friends in need of the world. Because of the occasions that happened before the Cold War we can see this. Moreover students of history accepted that every one of them would make his own many-sided cold war venture, guided by the two deluding suns of domain and upset. Numerous antiquarians accept that it was on the grounds that, the United States and USSR belief systems were so extraordinary and accepted that to be the fundamental reason for their dread of each other. For instance Russia was socialist which put the necessities of the state in front of individual human rights and was controlled by a despot. The USA was an industrialist majority rules system which esteemed opportunity and accept

Blog Archive MBA News HBS Venture Capitalist Compares Progressivism to Nazism

Blog Archive MBA News HBS Venture Capitalist Compares Progressivism to Nazism Last Friday, Harvard Business School (HBS) MBA and legendary venture capital investor Tom Perkins, of the partially eponymously named Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers, wrote a letter to the editor of the Wall Street Journal that has caused quite a stirâ€"likely bringing additional negative sentiment to the very group he was trying to defendâ€"the 1%. In his letter, Perkins attempted to “call attention to the parallels of fascist Nazi Germany [and] its war on its ‘one percent,’ namely its Jews, to the progressive war on the American one percent, namely the ‘rich.’” Perkins directly links the perpetrators of Kristallnacht to a “descendent ‘progressive’ radicalism,” making a rather incredible leap in logic by likening progressive taxation of the wealthiest Americans to Jewish persecution and genocide under the Third Reich. Kleiner Perkins has distanced itself from the remarks, Tweeting on Saturday: “Tom Perkins has not been involved in KPCB in years. We were shocked by his views expressed today in the WSJ and do not agree.” Slate also offered an apt retort, stating that Perkins’s letter “certainly proves you can get rich without being very thoughtful, perceptive, or intelligent.” History is not a subject typically emphasized in the MBA curriculum, but that does not explain how Perkins muddled through all those HBS case studies without at least retaining some critical thinking skills. That said, Perkins graduated from HBS in 1957, so we can safely assume that few classes were offered in media training in those days. Share ThisTweet Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News

The Relationship between Cash Flow and Capital Budgeting - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1700 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Capital budgeting is an important area in corporate finance. Since long term projects or investments require massive initial outflows, a firm has to determine whether they are worthwhile and not drain the firms resources. This is because it is often difficult to reverse a capital investment once it is in progress. There are many investment appraisal techniques that are commonly used by a company, each having its own strengths and weaknesses. The report discusses the capital budgeting decision made my one company, Alpha Electronics Ltd in deciding whether to launch a new Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). 2.0 ANNUAL CASH FLOWS The first step in capital budgeting is to estimate the annual cash flows during the lifetime of the project. The cash flows for each year of the PDA project for Alpha Electronics Ltd are as follows: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Relationship between Cash Flow and Capital Budgeting" essay for you Create order Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Sales revenue 17,500,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 21,250,000 18,750,000 Sale of equipment 3,000,000 Total inflow 17,500,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 21,250,000 21,750,000 Variable production cost 6,020,000 6,880,000 8,600,000 7,310,000 6,450,000 Fixed production cost 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 Depreciation 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 Total expenses 11,270,000 12,130,000 13,850,000 12,560,000 11,700,000 Profit before tax 6,230,000 7,870,000 11,150,000 8,690,000 10,050,000 Less: Tax 2,180,500 2,754,500 3,902,500 3,041,500 3,517,500 Profit after tax 4,049,500 5,115,500 7,247,500 5,648,500 6,532,500 Add: Depreciation 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 6,299,500 7,365,500 9,497,500 7,898,500 8,782,500 Less: Net working capital 3,500, 000 4,000,000 5,000,000 4,250,000 3,750,000 Net cash flow 2,799,500 3,365,500 4,497,500 3,648,500 5,032,500 Based on these figures, it appears that the project generates positive cash flows throughout the five years. However, cash flows in themselves do not tell the entire story. What is more important is determining whether the cash flows are in excess of the capital invested in the project to warrant its undertaking. 3.0 INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES 3.1 Payback Period The payback period is the time it takes a company to recoup the amount invested in a project. This is the simplest investment appraisal technique both in terms of calculation and conceptually since it is easy to understand the concept of the length of time needed to pay off an investment (McLaney, 2001). For these reasons, it is highly popular. However, there are many drawbacks of this approach. The first is that it does not include the time value of money which makes it less accurate. Secondly, the long term profitability of a project is not the same as the payback time (Ross et al, 2005). For example, Project A may have a longer payback period than Project B, but it may also yield more profits in the long run. Focusing on the payback period will cause a company to choose an investment that has a shorter payback period over a project that brings greater long term benefits to the company. For this PDA project of Alpha Electronics Ltd, the payback period is 4.33 years. This is re latively long considering that the project has a life of 5 years and means that the company will only be able its cash outlay in the final year of the project. 3.2 Profitability Index The profitability index is calculated by dividing the total of the projects cash flows with the cost of investment. If a project has a profitability index that is greater than 1, it is accepted. If the profitability index is less than 1, the project is rejected (Bodie and Merton, 2002). The profitability index is relatively straightforward to calculate. Yet, the problem associated with it is when two mutually exclusive projects are considered. A project that has the highest profitability index may not be the most profitable. Similarly, if funds are limited, the profitability index loses its usefulness. The same occurs in terms of indivisibilities (Brealey et al, 2007). At a discount rate of 12%, the total present value of inflows is $13, 558, 005. The cost of the investment is $15, 950, 000. This means the project has a profitability index of 0.85. Using the general rule of thumb, the project should therefore be rejected since it has a profitability index that is less than 1. 3.3 Internal Rate of Return The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that will result in a net present value of zero. The value of an investment is determined by comparing its IRR with that of the companys hurdle, or normal discount rate. If the IRR of the project is higher than its hurdle rate, then the project is accepted. If the IRR is lower than its hurdle rate, then the project is rejected (Ross et al, 2005). The strength of the IRR is that it provides users with a discount rate that the project must achieve. Yet, the disadvantages of IRR are numerous. Firstly, it is difficult and time consuming to compute manually, though the problem does not arise when a financial calculator or financial software is used. Secondly, the IRR does not tell how much the project will earn the company in the long run, which is an important consideration in capital budgeting. Thirdly, there exists the problem of multiple IRRs or no IRR for particular projects, particularly those with irregular cash flows (Hau gen, 2001). The internal rate of return is calculated using the interpolation method. Two different discount rates are used to calculate different NPVs, one having a positive value and the other negative. Based on the calculations (Appendix 1), the IRR of the project is 6.24%. This is approximately half of the hurdle rate and is unacceptable. Therefore, the project must be rejected on the basis of its low IRR. 3.4 Net Present Value The net present value (NPV) of a project is the present value of all its future cash inflows less its initial outflow. This will enable the firm to decide how much it can earn from a project. A project is accepted if it generates a positive NPV while it is rejected if it generates a negative NPV (Watson and Head, 2001). The NPV is the best among all the investment appraisal methods. It is conceptually clear and meaningful to an organization. It does not have any of the serious weaknesses associated with other methods (McLaney, 2001). The NPV of this project is calculated as follows: Year Cash Flow Present Value Factor Present Value 0 -15,950,000 1.0000 -15,950,000 1 2,799,500 0.8929 2,499,554 2 3,365,500 0.7972 2,682,956 3 4,497,500 0.7118 3,201,232 4 3,648,500 0.6355 2,318,688 5 5,032,500 0.5674 2,855,576 Net Present Value -2,391,995 Since the NPV of the project is negative, it must be rejected. In this instance, the conclusion drawn by the IRR and NPV analyses are in agreement. Sometimes, a project may be rejected on the basis of NPV but accepted on the basis of IRR and vice versa. Here, it is unanimous that the project should be rejected as it is unprofitable to the firm. 4.0 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 4.1 Price Sensitivity The NPV of the project is highly sensitive to the selling price of the NPV. A slight change can alter the NPV from positive to negative. For instance, if the selling price of the PDA were raised from $250 to $269, the NPV of the project will be as follows: Year Cash Flow Present Value Factor Present Value 0 -15,950,000 1.0000 -15,950,000 1 3,398,000 0.8929 3,033,929 2 4,049,500 0.7972 3,228,237 3 5,352,500 0.7118 3,809,804 4 4,375,250 0.6355 2,780,550 5 5,673,750 0.5674 3,219,438 Net Present Value 121,958 This means that if the selling price per unit were raised by 7.6%, it would result in a positive NPV. However, increasing the selling price may not necessarily be beneficial if it results in a decline in sales volume. 4.2 Quantity Sensitivity As for selling price, the NPV of the project is highly sensitive to changes in quantity sold. For example, if the sales volume were increased by 15% each year, the total cash flows would be as follows: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Sales revenue 20,125,000 23,000,000 28,750,000 24,437,500 21,562,500 Sale of equipment 3,000,000 Total inflow 20,125,000 23,000,000 28,750,000 24,437,500 24,562,500 Varable production cost 6,923,000 7,912,000 9,890,000 8,406,500 7,417,500 Fixed production cost 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 Depreciation 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 Total expenses 12,173,000 13,162,000 15,140,000 13,656,500 12,667,500 Profit before tax 7,952,000 9,838,000 13,610,000 10,781,000 11,895,000 Less: Tax 2,783,200 3,443,300 4,763,500 3,773,350 4,163,250 Profit after tax 5,168,800 6,394,700 8,846,500 7,007,650 7,731,750 Add: Depreciation 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 2,250,000 7,418,800 8,644,700 11,096,500 9,257,650 9,981,750 Less: Net working capital 4,025 ,000 4,600,000 5,750,000 4,887,500 4,312,500 Net cash flow 3,393,800 4,044,700 5,346,500 4,370,150 5,669,250 This would translate into a positive NPV of: Year Cash Flow Present Value Factor Present Value 0 -15,950,000 1.0000 -15,950,000 1 3,393,800 0.8929 3,030,179 2 4,044,700 0.7972 3,224,410 3 5,346,500 0.7118 3,805,533 4 4,370,150 0.6355 2,777,309 5 5,669,250 0.5674 3,216,885 Â  Net Present Value 104,316 5.0 QUALITATIVE FACTORS IN INVESTMENT DECISION MAKING While quantitative factors are given due consideration in capital budgeting, qualitative factors should not be ignored. This is because a project that may not satisfy quantitative factors may have to be undertaken due to qualitative factors and vice versa. Let us now consider some of the main qualitative factors that are crucial to effective investment decision making. The first factor is the companys strategic objectives (Copeland and Weston, 1992). Often, an investment decision may not be profitable or yield a positive cash flow, but it is necessary to enable the firm to have a competitive advantage. For example, an electronics firm may decide to buy over a manufacturer of components to ensure a supply of raw materials, even if it means that the manufacturer is running at a loss. Another qualitative factor is company prestige and image (Haugen, 2001). Sometimes, an investment may be unprofitable, but it may raise the profile of the company and the related prestige is someth ing that may warrant the investment. For example, a company may decide to embark on corporate social responsibility activities that may represent an outflow, but it demonstrates a good corporate profile to the public so the company may regard the activity as necessary. The third factor is government regulations (Brealey et al, 2007). If the government mandates certain items to be included, then the company is forced to include them. For instance, a nuclear power plant is required to have a system and storage facility for nuclear waste. Even though such facilities constitute a negative investment, the power plant needs to include it if it wants to get the necessary government approval. The government may also require a firm to put in place employee safety measures that may be difficult to quantify, but are necessary for operations. 6.0 CONCLUSION Based on the various investment appraisal techniques, it can be concluded that producing the new PDA is an unprofitable project. This is because the project has a low profitability index, a long payback period, negative NPV and IRR. In addition, there are no 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS Even though the investment appraisal techniques indicate that the company should not embark on this project, it is felt that the analysis is incomplete. This is because all the projected cash flows are for a given level of activity when it would be better to show them under different scenarios. After all, the actual outcome may be better, worse or the same as the expected outcome. Therefore, the company should do scenario analysis in which the NPVs and IRRs of the project are calculated under different scenarios. This will give the company a better indication on whether the project is worth undertaking. More detailed sensitivity analysis should also be done to determine the changes in variables that will influence the NPV and IRR the most. The company could even use Monte Carlo simulation to model uncertainty in a real-world environment.

The French Revolution During The Late 18th Century And...

Introduction Why there was a revolution in France in the late 18th century and what were the ideas that drove it? The French Revolution is described as an era of philosophical, political as well as social turmoil in the socio-political history of France and the whole of Europe. During the time, the French polity went through radical transformation to forms that are based on Enlightenment principles of antimonarchism, nationality as well as rights. These transformations were complemented by fierce chaos which included executions and suppression during the error of terror and warfare that involved other key European power. The revolution was at first a major rebellion against power of the sovereign against the citizens’ liberties and fortune of the elite and was enacted in the name of freedom, fairness as well as fraternity. In real sense it resulted to the loss of freedom, despotism and patriotism. France revolution was based on abhorrence of custom and aspiration to utilize the power of the state in the creation of a novel order. The folks were issues with new identifications as citizens of the freshly established state. To destroy the resistance of revolution and the freshly formed order, about 40,000 individuals were killed. The revolution was not able to come up with a strong system of supremacy, and in the subsequent century, France would be ruled variously as a democracy, despotism, a legitimate realm and two different territories and under a dozen diverseShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshistory, the 18th century marks a change in time. The age old traditions of the Ancient Regime and Catholic Church will see a shift in power. Power now in the hands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. 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The Best War Ever America And Wwii Essay - 729 Words

Eddie Taylor March 31, 2015 History Book Review The Best War Ever: America and WWII Michael C.C. Adams, the author of my chosen narrative, graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1993. He is a professor of history at Northern Kentucky University. Dr. Adams holds a Ph.D. in American Studies. His primary area of interest is military history and early in his NKU career. From the information about what he is interested in being state, you can easily understand why he became the author of such an interesting book. http://artscience.nku.edu/departments/hisgeo/ourfaculty/adams.html The Best War Ever: America and World War II, written by Michael C.C. Adams tries to eliminate the many delusions of WWII. The book speaks up on the best war fought by the United States and it states that World War II is the best war out of all of the wars. Throughout the book, negative and positive information is mostly stated about past events and this particular event: World War II. This book is a historical tale of what they related to as a necessary war, â€Å"the best war ever†. I guess Michael stated it as a necessary war because it was a war that he thought had to be fought. Then again, it is mention plenty times that there were others that felt like the war was terrible just like the other wars and this particular war was receiving too much credit. From doing a little reading at the beginning, my opinion would be the popular image of World War II has been given a false look by the media.Show MoreRelatedThe Soviet Revolution Of Ussr872 Words   |  4 Pages1. America was always anti-communist however they were also isolationists until after 1945. In WWII the US fought alongside Russia. Russia, however, was communist ever since the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Russian Revolution also brought to the surface USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republics). The USSR was the only real controlling party of Russia from 1917-99. 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Limits of Participatory Technology Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Limits of Participatory Technology Development. Answer: Introduction In the fast-paced competitive as well as dynamic world, the need for speed is very crucial. The businesses want to increase on their productivity with less resources, more cost savings and the improvement in the accuracy, in order to provide the ultimate experience (Ahson Ilyas, 2008). The customers increasingly expect on the demand serviced with an instant response as well as service. Many of such limitations to meeting on the immediate, round the clock customer expectations are all related to the people centric delivery of the service. As such, there has been a surge of interest to what we regard to as the robotics, which have been in existence in order to address on these challenges (Awazu, Baloh, Desouza, Wecht, Kim, Jha, 2009). It is important first to know what robotics is. Robotics generally refers to the design, the development and the use of the robots, which are the automated machines, which can accomplish a wide range of tasks in various scenario. The robots came first to be commercialized when they were initially integrated into the factory assembly lines to help in the streamlining as well as the improvement of the manufacturing productivity (Compagna Kohlbacher, 2015). The first application of the robotics was done in the car industry. Moreover, in the twenty first century the robots have increasingly been used to complete jobs, which could be regarded unsafe for the humans especially they have been integrated in the mining, military as well as the transportation industries. Based on the current research the number of the usage of these robots is expected to double by the time we reach 2020 (Compagna Kohlbacher, 2015). I believe this will impact on the business operation as well as the economies of the countries across the globe. As an ICT manager in a small Artificial Intelligence company which is based in Brisbane I have been tasked with the job of undertaking on this research about the robotic technology and the applications if it would be considered by the organization as a five year strategy plan. This will enable the company to expand and compete better with the current competitors we have in the market. The research objective for the research is aimed to find results on how to leverage the use of the robotics in order to improve on the business in the Artificial intelligence Company. There are various assumptions that are made in the research such as the following: it is assumed the executive management team would likely consider the aspect of the research (Fasoli, Krebs Hogan, 2004). It is also assumed that the other competitors do not have diversity of the use of the robotics in their business. It is assumed the artificial intelligent am working for has the upper hand in the use of the technology. I t is also assumed that this organization for the report is fictional organization which aim is to provide an insight on the research on the robotic technology. Investigation of the scenario case study The robotic technology looks into how a robot is programmed in order to perform task as well as interact with the environment, without aid from any human interactions. The robotics is essentially the science as well as the technology, which is behind the design, manufacturing and the application of the robots. The use of these technologies, which are used in the development of the machines, could be a substitute for the humans (Cascio Montealegre, 2016). The robots could be used in any situation as well as any purpose, but currently these are more used in the dangerous environment such as in the manufacturing, mining and the military industry such as detection of the bomb (Melfi, Menconi, Mariani Angeletti, 2002). The robots can take any form but some they have been made to resemble the appearance of the humans. This has been done so in order to help in the acceptance of the robot to certain replicative behavior, which are performed by individuals. The robot could replicate things like walking, lifting, speech, cognition and all the other aspect, which the human can undertake. Many robots, which are developed today, are inspired by the nature and the contribution from the field of the bio-inspired robotics. The robots presently are able to perform a number of various tasks as comparison to the past use of the robots. The advancement in the technology has helped the present robots to expand beyond the horizons (Fasoli, Krebs Hogan, 2004). The use of the robotics have been used for both the domestic and use and the mining, transport and the manufacturing industries. They have been a great asset since they can perform jobs, which are too dangerous for the humans (Cascio Montealegre, 2016). This has enabled the workers to be able to move to the more skilled jobs as the programming of the robots. The robots have found career in the medical field especially when they are used to assist in the precision of high surgeries such as the brain as well as the heart surgery. Based on the research it has shown that the use of the robot it is expected to surpass on the industrial robot market. Many manufactures have started to look in to these fields since there is lack of the workers. Types of robots used in various industries The robotics is a highly advanced technology, which is aimed at developing robots for various application. Various robots have been invented and being used in the various industry such as the following categories. Industrial robots: this type of robots are electronically controlled, and they are both programmable as well as reprogrammable in order to undertake various tasks with high precision as well as accuracy. These robots could be used in the advanced manufacturing facilities or perhaps a volume assembly line for a long period. They are usually very efficient and they can produce high yield or output. In the ICT, company that are working these kind of robots could be used for the businesses process in order to improve on the output. The robot are capable of carrying task that are difficult as well as hazardous for the human beings. The robot usually use perfected copy of the exact strategy for the purpose of troubleshooting purposes, issues as well as solutions could be solved and implemented much quicker. Domestic or the household robots: these types of robots are used at home. They may include different devices such as the robotic vacuum cleaners, sweepers, gutter cleaners and the pool cleaners. Based on the case scenario the organization is also using the domestic robotics only for a small part of the business. Military robots: The robots in this group are used in the military. These types include such as the bomb disposal robots, different transportation robots, reconnaissance drones (Breazeal, 2003). These robots are created for the purpose of the military, they can also be used in the law enforcement, used for the search, and rescue as well as other related fields. The artificial intelligence company am working at has been solution to many technological problems in many industries. The scope of our business is focused on providing robotics solutions especially in the mining, transportation and the manufacturing within Australia and Asia regions. These countries are developing and providing the solution to their industries would help our company to grow significantly. We intend to focus on the industrial robots since they can be implemented in these industries. With the diversification on the use of the industrial robots in the organization, we could be able to offer solution to these industries in these regions, which we intend to venture in the next five years. How robotic technology could be incorporated into the organisations operations in the future The robotic technology can change on the way the organization could manage on their operations (Breazeal, 2003). In the organization which is in the case study scenario it could incorporate on this technology in any operational activity where there is manual work which involving the use of the computers system. The robotic automation process has evolved from the various technologies, which have been used in the application testing as well as workflow automation. The company utilizing on the RPA tools it will work with any software platform or perhaps the system in the company and it would mimic on the interactions of the human since it has the user interface of the application, which are required for the process of the business (Breazeal, 2003). The robots usually use the methodologies that vary from the tool to the tool; they identify uniquely the sources of the data as well as the input and the output fields, which are part of the users workflow. The methodologies let the robots to replicate the human activity on the computer system, in case the exact steps could be defined as the script or perhaps a flowchart. The activity of a robot are customizable highly and they could be triggered as per the defined schedule or even an event driven. In the short term, the company could use the cognitive automation in the front office of the organization in order to replicate on the human interaction. An example of these are on the chatbots as well as the voice recognition based application. The simple robots in the front office activities could automate the simple transactions as well as optimize on the turnaround time for the more complex activities. On the long term the organization should aim at implementing RPA technology on all their back office processes in order to help the organization to place itself geographically to enable them improve on their efficiency and productivity when offering services. Example on the areas that can be improved are the data entry and the reporting processes which could be made efficient with the use of the robotic automation. There would be an optimization of the turnaround time for the processes, which have the structured as well as unstructured data as the inputs (Wang, Carley, Zeng Mao, W. (2007). When the businesses are improved, the organization will be ahead of the competitors therefore, they would be able to expand their business to the other regional because of the faster delivery of service and preference over the rivals. Advantages and disadvantages of using robotic The robotics are used in various industries such as manufacturing, military and the mining. They are increasingly being used in the factories and many individuals are losing their jobs as the robots are becoming more efficient as well as precise than the humans are (Dautenhahn, 2007). The following are the advantages of the robots. The robots could be used to go down far into the places that are unknown where the humans could be crushed. An example of this it can be used in the mining industry as well as in the diffusion of the bomb. Secondly, the robots have been found to perform the tasks at a faster rate than the human can do (Camarillo, Krummel Salisbury, 2004). Further, they can do more consistently as well as accurately. The robots have been found to endure on the hostile environment, such as the interplanetary atmospheres do not reflect their physical state as well as performance (Schatsky Schwartz, 2015). Lastly, the robots have been found to carrying out the repetitive as well as time consuming tasks very efficiently, they can do dangerous tasks, they can be adjusted on their parameters such as the time and the speed and they are unaffected by aspects which affect the humans. One of the disadvantage of the robots is that they are not intelligent or sentient (Lee, Olson Trimi, 2010). They can never improve on the results of the jobs, which is outside their predefined programming, since they do not think, they do not have emotions or even conscience, this therefore limits on the robots on how they can help or even interact with the people. Secondly, there is the risk of being hacked by an attacker who can take over the control of the robot to enable it to commit a crime (Melfi, Menconi, Mariani Angeletti, 2002). This can pose a great deal when it comes to the image of the organization (Lee, 2007). The cost of the robots is very high especially in the maintenance as well as the repair. The programs should be updated more often in order to suit on the changing requirement. In the event of the breakdown the cost of repair is also very high and the procedure for the restoration the lost code or perhaps the data could be time consuming (Bentas, Wolfram, Jones, Brutigam, Kramer Binder, 2003). The organization in the case study would likely inquire loss especially when it comes to the update as well as the repair and maintenance. Many individuals will also lose their jobs as the robots are much efficient and they can perform much faster than the human can undertake a given task (Camarillo, Krummel Salisbury, 2004). On one hand, it would be beneficial to the organization and on the opposite is a major lose to the employees who are working in the company. There have been potential hazardous risks, which have been associate with the use of the robots in the workplace. Some of the risks is such as security concerns especially when a hackers attack the program and controls the robot to do the work they want (Dautenhahn, 2007). This risk could be overcome if the robot has been installed well before it has been operational. When assembling the robot there should be proper installation of the robotic work cell and ensure all the control software and the hardware are well installed to prevent any loophole used by the hackers to control the system (Lee, 2007). There should be a proper installation of the robot which for the vital to success of the project and there should be safety procedures in place to make sure the system is installed correctly before there is full operations. When proper installation has been done some of the errors such as control errors, human errors and unauthorized access could be prevented. Ethical, social and legal considerations the organization could consider and solution to overcome The robots could be used to maximize on the productivity by reduction of the costs, but this may lead to some serious social issues such as unemployment especially when some staff will be laid off when the organization purchases the robot to work for them instead (Ahson Ilyas, 2008). Moreover, it could lead to deterioration of the relationship of the employees and attitude towards the work. When the robots have replaced the human workforce, there is a high possibility of increase of illegal criminal activities in the society due to unemployment in population. To overcome this issue the organization could validate on the significance of the robot workforce, which relate to the rise in productivity, efficiency and minimise on the wastages (Westerman, Bonnet McAfee, 2014). There is also ethical consideration of whether employees will get to work with the robots. The concern is working with them individuals do not emotional connect to the robots nor do they make impression in their lif e (Cascio Montealegre, 2016). Valuable qualities of the human such as sensitiveness as well as carefulness is unforeseeable from the robots. In overcoming this problem, the organization could educate the workers on the importance of the need of the technology. It is meant to help to be more productive as well as deliver on the services quicker. Once they get to embrace the importance of the robots they could work together to achieve a lot in the organization. The legal issue to consider is that of security how to keep the robot safe from the adversaries (Lee, 2007). The more the technology becomes powerful the more it could be used for the nefarious reasons and good. This applies to the robots, which are used to replace the humans. The robot could create damage if they are used maliciously. There is need to implement these system well in order to prevent hackers from taking control of the system. Conclusion The following recommendation could be implemented. One should be the development of the employee involvement or participation in the introduction of the robotic technology in the organization. There should be formation of a taskforce, which consist of the various department where the robots are being introduced. There should be technical support individuals who should be involved in the change of the process. There should be implementation of the occupational safety standards in order to ensure that there is safety of the workers and the robots. Some cases have arisen where the robots have been hacked and control taken over them to commit crime. These guidelines when implemented will address some of these issues. Lastly, safety measures should be developed and operationalized to protect the human workers as they work with the robots. References Ahson, S. A., Ilyas, M. (2008). RFID handbook: applications, technology, security, and privacy. CRC press. Awazu, Y., Baloh, P., Desouza, K. C., Wecht, C. H., Kim, J., Jha, S. (2009). Information communication technologies open up innovation. Research-Technology Management, 52(1), 51-58. Bentas, W., Wolfram, M., Jones, J., Brutigam, R., Kramer, W., Binder, J. (2003). Robotic technology and the translation of open radical prostatectomy to laparoscopy: the early Frankfurt experience with robotic radical prostatectomy and one year follow-up. European urology, 44(2), 175-181. Breazeal, C. (2003). Toward sociable robots. Robotics and autonomous systems, 42(3), 167-175. Camarillo, D. B., Krummel, T. M., Salisbury, J. K. (2004). Robotic technology in surgery: past, present, and future. The American Journal of Surgery, 188(4), 2-15. Cascio, W. F., Montealegre, R. (2016). How technology is changing work and organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 349-375. Compagna, D., Kohlbacher, F. (2015). The limits of participatory technology development: the case of service robots in care facilities for older people. Technological forecasting and social change, 93, 19-31. Dautenhahn, K. (2007). Methodology themes of human-robot interaction: A growing research field. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 4(1), 15. Fasoli, S. E., Krebs, H. I., Hogan, N. (2004). Robotic technology and stroke rehabilitation: translating research into practice. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 11(4), 11-19. Lee, K. R. (2007). Patterns and processes of contemporary technology fusion: the case of intelligent robots. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 15(2), 45-65. Lee, S. M., Olson, D. L., Trimi, S. (2010). The impact of convergence on organizational innovation. Organizational Dynamics, 39(3), 218-225. Schatsky, D., Schwartz, J. (2015). Redesigning work in an era of cognitive technologies. Deloitte Review, 17, 5-21. Melfi, F. M., Menconi, G. F., Mariani, A. M., Angeletti, C. A. (2002). Early experience with robotic technology for thoracoscopic surgery. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, 21(5), 864-868. Wang, F. Y., Carley, K. M., Zeng, D., Mao, W. (2007). Social computing: From social informatics to social intelligence. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22(2). Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., McAfee, A. (2014). Leading digital: Turning technology into business transformation. Harvard Business Press.